Proceedings of the 9th Terengganu International Business and Economics Conference 2025 (TiBEC IX 2025)

This is an open access book.

Welcome to the 9th Terengganu International Business and Economics Conference 2025 (TiBEC IX), an influential platform addressing today’s most pressing challenges at the intersection of business, economics, and sustainable growth. 

Set against a backdrop of rapid technological advancements and global economic shifts, TiBEC IX gathers scholars, industry experts, policymakers, and students from around the world to share insights and explore innovations that will shape the future of economic development and sustainable business practices.

In an era characterized by digital transformation, evolving global markets, and the need for responsible growth, TiBEC IX is a hub for exploring emerging trends and discussing practical strategies for resilience and inclusivity. Conference themes reflect today’s complex landscape, exploring the impact of digital finance, advances in the supply chain, artificial intelligence in decision-making, and the importance of environmental responsibility and ethical corporate governance. By focusing on these topics, TiBEC IX emphasizes sustainable, inclusive, and data-driven approaches to economic policy and business management in an interconnected world.

This year, TiBEC IX offers a unique opportunity for collaboration and innovation in the areas of digital transformation, sustainable business practices, global trade, financial technology and strategic use of data. Together, we will explore ways to empower small businesses, improve human capital, and utilize technology to promote inclusive and sustainable growth. Join us in Terengganu, Malaysia, as we forge solutions for a resilient, digital, and ethically sound future in business and society.