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How can the extraordinary fate of hominins be explained? Humanity’s close kinship with African great apes has been soundly established today, but our species stands out due to its highly original adaptive features – in terms of locomotion, nutrition, and reproduction –...
During the long nineteenth century, faced with an increasingly powerful and arrogant West, the Ottoman Empire modernised itself with the objective of dealing with an increasingly precarious situation. The history of this modernity, strongly marked by Westernisation,...
Experimental medicine, founded by Claude Bernard in the nineteenth century, decisively oriented medical research and especially modern biology. Amongst other things, it shed light on the role of the immune system, in other word, the means of defence developed by the...
At the museum, this means seeing the objects where they are, and simultaneously seeing them where they no longer are, that is to say, in the regions from which they were taken. It means enjoying the beauty and the knowledge that have been accumulated in our cities over...
After decades of descriptive studies, the biology of cancer is undergoing a real revolution: with genetic approaches, researchers have identified many of the cell deregulations likely to drive tumours. A treatment combining arsenic and retinoic acid targets the protein...
The biological diversity of humans is immense: from our physical appearance to our various abilities to digest certain foods, our relationships with pathogens, and our susceptibility to certain diseases. But what are the origins and factors that shape this diversity?...
Greek polytheism was not a simple collection of juxtaposed gods and goddesses, but a complex interplay between deities at different levels – local, regional and panhellenic. Significant evidence – combining literary, epigraphic, archaeological and iconographic sources –...
How is the information contained in our genes read, memorized and interpreted? What mechanisms control gene expression in an individual or across generations? The understanding of these mechanisms is crucial to knowledge on life forms. Epigenetics studies the influence...
Essential to human life and activity, freshwater is increasingly becoming a concern of international law. Its regulation, initially focused on rivers shared by several States, has gradually shifted to other sources of water. Today, its scarcity, the need for sustainable...
For over sixty years, researchers from across the world have been collaborating in a vast endeavour within what is known as “generative linguistics”, to describe human languages. The founding question of this research is related to the unlimited nature of linguistic...
There is, on the one hand, life that flows from a beginning to an end, and, on the other hand, life that constitutes human singularity because it can be recounted. We may term them “biological life” and “biographical life”. Life expectancy measures the length of the...
States are no longer alone on the international scene. Other institutions intervene alongside States, and even sometimes in their place, such as international organizations, multinational corporations, non-governmental organizations, regions or global cities. Still, one...
How can we explain the fundamental paradox of living matter, which combines stability and robustness of form with constant internal dynamics? It is not only the genetic information contained in every cell, but also numerous stochastic biomolecular processes that are at...
How can we hope to understand Islam without knowing how its founding text, the Qur?an, took shape and then crystalized? The discovery of a palimpsest in Sanaa in 1973 confirmed the existence of other recensions of the Qur?anic text in the first centuries of Islam....
The history of architecture constantly combines two perspectives: one is panoramic and turned towards urban ensembles so as to reveal social or technical policies, while the other looks in close shot at buildings, their interior, and their reflection of the ideals and...
We need history because we need rest: a pause to rest our consciousness, so that the possibility of a consciousness may remain – as the seat not only of thought, but of practical reason, affording full latitude for action. Saving the past, saving time from the frenzy of...
Papyrology, which burgeoned in the nineteenth century after the discovery of thousands of papyri in Egypt, consists in the study of Greek and Latin texts written on a transportable medium (papyrus, clay potsherds, wooden tablets or parchment). While inscriptions and...
The Eastern Desert of Egypt extends over a vast area of mountains and sandy plains between the Nile and the Red Sea. Its natural riches –gold, gems and high quality stones (such as granite from Mons Claudianus, Tiberianè or Ophiatès, porphyry from Porphyritès, basanites...
Unlike works inherited from Greek or Roman Antiquity, writings from Mesopotamian civilization all come from excavations. Assyriologists work with clay tablets engraved with cuneiform characters. They piece together fragments of texts and organize them chronologically...
Since Antiquity, humans have used processes to transform the materials of their environment to suit their needs. Solid-state chemistry, initially a series of recipes, became a real science of matter and its transformations following nineteenth-century scientific...
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